The Guitarist Dictionary

Accidentals are symbols used in music to raise or lower the pitch of a note by a half step or whole step. The three main accidentals are sharps (#), flats (♭), and naturals (♮). They alter the note from its diatonic pitch within the scale.

Action refers to the distance between the strings and the fretboard on a guitar. Higher action can make the guitar harder to play but may improve tone, while lower action makes it easier to play but can lead to fret buzz. Adjusting the action can help customize the instrument to a player’s preference and style.

Alternate picking is a guitar technique where the player alternates between downstrokes and upstrokes while plucking the strings. This technique allows for faster and more efficient playing, especially when playing scales, arpeggios, or fast riffs. Mastering alternate picking is essential for achieving speed and precision in solos.

An amplifier (amp) is an electronic device that boosts the guitar’s signal, making it louder and enhancing its tonal character. Amps can shape tone significantly and may include built-in effects. There are various types of amps such as tube amps, solid state amps, and modeling amps.

An arpeggio is a technique where the notes of a chord are played in sequence rather than simultaneously. This approach is commonly used in guitar solos and melodic lines to outline chord progressions.

Articulation refers to how a note is played in terms of its attack, duration, and decay. This includes techniques like staccato (short, detached notes) or legato (smooth, connected notes), which help express the character of the music.

An augmented interval is one that has been raised by a half step. For example, an augmented fifth (C to G#) is a fifth that is larger by one half step than a perfect fifth. An augmented triad is a chord made up of two major thirds, which creates a tense and unresolved sound. Like diminished chords, augmented chords are used to create tension that typically resolves into a more stable chord.

A barre chord is a type of chord where one finger presses down multiple strings across the fretboard, allowing for moveable chord shapes. These chords are useful for changing keys easily and are common in many styles of music.

Borrowed chords are chords taken from a parallel key to add color and variety to a progression in the original key. Common in both major and minor keys, they enrich harmonic content and create unique sound contrasts.

The CAGED system is a method for organizing and visualizing the fretboard by using five basic chord shapes (C, A, G, E, D) that help “Connect The Dots” of the fretboard. After learning the CAGED System, players will see how chords, scales, and arpeggios are connected across the fretboard.

Chord charts are visual diagrams that show where to place your fingers on the guitar to form chords. These charts are useful for quickly learning the finger positions of different chords.

A chord progression is a sequence of chords played in a specific order that gives a piece of music its harmonic structure. Progressions are the foundation of many songs and can evoke different emotions depending on the chords used.

A chord is a group of notes played together, usually consisting of three or more notes that harmonize. Chords form the basis of most songs and can have an emotional appeal based of the intervals being used.

The chorus effect is a guitar pedal effect that duplicates the original signal and slightly detunes and delays it, creating a rich, shimmering sound that resembles multiple instruments playing the same notes. It’s commonly used to add depth and fullness to the guitar tone, especially in clean or lightly distorted settings. It’s used in Rock, Pop, Jazz Fusion, Funk and R&B.

The chromatic scale is made up of all 12 notes within an octave, moving in half steps. Playing chromatically means moving one fret at a time on the guitar. Learning your Chromatic Scale will help you identify all 7 Natural Notes plus their Accidentals.

The Circle of Fourths/Fifths is a visual diagram that shows the relationship between the 12 notes organized in intervals of fourths or fifths. Moving clockwise for fifths (e.g., C to G to D) or counterclockwise for fourths (e.g., C to F to B♭), the circle helps musicians understand key signatures, chord progressions, and harmonic relationships. It's a fundamental tool for music theory and is often used for practicing scales and understanding harmony.

A clef is a symbol at the beginning of the music staff that indicates the pitch range of the notes. The most common clefs for guitar are the treble clef and, in bass guitar, the bass clef.

Delay is an effect that records the guitar’s signal and plays it back after a set amount of time, creating an echo-like effect. By adjusting parameters such as delay time, feedback, and mix level, players can create anything from subtle echoes to complex, rhythmic patterns. Delay is widely used to add depth and space to the guitar sound.

Dexterity refers to the coordination and speed of your fingers on the guitar. Improving your dexterity can help you play more difficult pieces smoothly and with precision.

Diatonic music stays within the notes of a particular key, using ONLY those natural within the scale.

A diminished interval is when you lower the original interval by a half step. For example, a diminished fifth is one half step smaller than a perfect fifth. This usually applies to “Perfect” Intervals. A diminished triad is a chord consisting of two minor third intervals, resulting in a tense, unstable sound. The chord is often used to create tension that resolves into a more stable chord.

A dominant chord is an extended chord that uses the major triad and adds a minor seventh, commonly referred to as a dominant seventh chord (e.g., G7). Dominant chords create a strong sense of tension that typically resolves to a more stable chord, often an extended or tonic chord in a progression.

Dynamics refer to the volume levels in music, such as how loud or soft a passage should be played. Common dynamic markings include "piano" (soft) and "forte" (loud).

Economy picking is a guitar technique that combines alternate picking with sweep picking to minimize hand movement and increase efficiency. When changing strings, players use a downstroke to move to a lower string and an upstroke for a higher string, creating a smooth, flowing motion. This technique is often used to achieve speed and fluidity in solos.

An eleventh chord is an extended chord that includes a triad plus the seventh, ninth, and eleventh notes of the scale. Due to the number of notes in an eleventh chord, guitarists often omit certain notes, like the fifth or even the ninth, to make the chord more playable on the fretboard. By focusing on the essential tones—the root, third, seventh, and eleventh—guitarists can capture the chord’s harmonic essence without overcrowding the sound. Eleventh chords are popular in jazz and funk for their rich, layered quality.

Embellishments are musical decorations, such as trills, slides, or grace notes, added to a melody to enhance its expressiveness. They are often used to add flair or stylistic elements to a piece of music.

An equalizer (EQ) adjusts the balance of different frequency ranges (bass, mid, treble) in the guitar’s sound, allowing for a more refined tone.

Expression refers to the emotional quality or mood conveyed through music. This is achieved by controlling dynamics, articulation, and tempo, among other factors, to bring out the musical intent.

Extended chords are chords that go beyond the typical triads by adding additional notes such as the 7th, 9th, 11th, or 13th. These chords add richness and complexity to harmony.

Finger style is a guitar playing technique where the player uses their fingers, rather than a pick, to pluck the strings. This technique allows for more intricate melodies and harmonies to be played simultaneously.

The flanger effect duplicates the guitar’s signal and plays it back slightly delayed, with the delay time modulating over time. This creates a sweeping, jet-like sound as the delayed signal interacts with the original. The result is a distinctive “whooshing” effect often used to add depth and movement to guitar tones. Flangers are commonly used in rock and psychedelic music.

A free stroke is a fingerpicking technique where the finger plucks a string and moves away from the guitar without resting on the next string. This technique produces a clear, ringing tone and is often used in classical and fingerstyle guitar playing to emphasize individual notes. Most finger style guitarists use free strokes when playing faster melodic lines.

Frequency is the rate at which a sound wave vibrates, measured in hertz (Hz). Every pitch we play is vibrating a specific frequency. Higher frequencies produce higher pitches, while lower frequencies result in lower pitches. In Western Music, we tune our note A to the frequency of 440Hz and using math and science concepts we can find the frequency of every pitch.

The neck is the part of the guitar that extends from the body and includes the fretboard, frets, headstock, and tuning pegs. It is crucial for supporting the strings and facilitating playability.

A fully diminished chord, also known as a diminished seventh chord, consists of a diminished triad (root, minor third, diminished fifth) with a diminished seventh added on top. This chord is more dissonant than the half-diminished chord and creates a strong tension that resolves well in chord progressions.

Fuzz is a type of distortion effect that creates a thick, fuzzy sound by heavily clipping the guitar signal. It produces a raw, powerful tone used in rock and psychedelic music.

A half step is the smallest interval in Western music, representing the distance between two adjacent notes. On the guitar, this is equivalent to moving from one fret to the next.

A half-diminished chord is a diminished triad (root, minor third, diminished fifth) with a minor seventh added on top. It is commonly written as a minor seventh flat five (e.g., Bm7♭5). This chord creates a tense sound but is less dissonant than a fully diminished chord.

A hammer-on is a technique where a guitarist uses the strength of their fingers to press down (or “hammer”) onto a fret without plucking the string again. This creates a smooth, connected sound between notes and is often used in combination with pull-offs for faster, legato playing. Hammer-ons are common in rock, blues, and metal for creating fluid phrases.

Harmonics are overtones that occur naturally when a string vibrates in segments, producing bell-like tones. Guitarists can create harmonics by lightly touching the string at specific points (e.g., 5th, 7th, or 12th fret) while plucking it.

Harmony occurs when two or more notes are played simultaneously, creating a fuller sound. Harmonies are used to support the melody and add richness to music.

Hybrid picking is a technique where a guitarist uses a pick (usually held between the thumb and index finger) along with one or more fingers to pluck additional strings. This allows for greater flexibility and speed, enabling the player to perform intricate patterns and seamlessly switch between picked and plucked notes. Hybrid picking is popular in country, rock, and fusion genres for its versatility.

Improvisation is the act of creating/writing music spontaneously, often over a set chord progression or rhythm. It is commonly used in solos and requires knowledge of scales and musical structure.

An interval is the distance between two notes, measured in steps or scale degrees. Intervals are the building blocks of chords and scales, and understanding them is key to analyzing music.

Intonation refers to how well the notes on a guitar are in tune, especially as you move up and down the neck. Good intonation means that the instrument produces accurate pitches at every fret.

An inversion is when the notes of a chord are rearranged so that a note other than the root is the lowest pitch. Inversions provide different harmonic colors and make chord progressions smoother.

A key refers to the central set of notes (or scale) that a piece of music is based on. The key determines which notes and chords will sound stable and which will create tension.

A key signature is a set of sharp or flat symbols placed at the beginning of the music staff, indicating the key of the composition. It helps musicians understand the tonal center and the scales to use.

Lead sheets are simplified music notation that shows only the melody, lyrics, and chord symbols. They are commonly used in jazz and pop music as a quick reference for performing or improvising.

Legato is a technique where notes are played smoothly and connected, with minimal gaps between them. On the guitar, legato is often achieved by using techniques like hammer-ons, pull-offs, and slides to create a fluid, continuous sound without picking each note.

A lick is a short, musical phrase or pattern thrown in solos or riffs to add a little bit of flair. Licks are building blocks for creating solos and can be adapted and reused in different songs or styles.

A major chord or scale has a bright and happy sound. The major scale follows a specific pattern of whole and half steps (W-W-H-W-W-W-H), forming the foundation for major chords, which consist of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th notes of this scale.

Melody is the main sequence of notes in a piece of music, often forming the most recognizable part. It is usually played or sung in the lead voice or instrument and serves as the central theme around which harmonies and rhythms are built.

A metronome is a device that produces a steady, adjustable beat to help musicians practice timing and rhythm. It is commonly used to improve tempo consistency and can be set to various speeds, measured in beats per minute (BPM).

A minor chord or scale has a darker, more somber sound compared to a major. The natural minor scale follows a specific pattern of whole and half steps (W-H-W-W-H-W-W), forming the foundation for minor chords, which consist of the 1st, flat 3rd, and 5th notes of this scale.

Modulation effects are effects that alter a guitar’s signal by changing aspects like pitch, phase, or time in a cyclical pattern. Common modulation effects include chorus, flanger, phaser, and vibrato, each adding movement, depth, or texture to the sound. These effects are often used to create a sense of space or motion in a guitar tone.

Moveable shapes are chord or scale patterns that can be shifted up or down the fretboard without changing finger positions. This allows guitarists to play the same chord or scale in different keys simply by moving the shape to a new fret. Moveable shapes are foundational for using barre chords and understanding the CAGED system.

The music staff is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces on which musical notes are written. The position of notes on the staff represents their pitch, with higher notes placed higher on the staff. Clefs, key signatures, and time signatures are added to provide context for reading music accurately.

Music visuals, such as charts and diagrams, are tools used to represent musical concepts like chords, scales, or fretboard patterns visually. These aids help musicians understand and memorize shapes, patterns, and relationships on the guitar, making it easier to learn and apply music theory.

Natural notes are the seven musical notes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, without any sharps or flats. These notes form the foundation of most Western music scales and can be found on the guitar fretboard without any accidentals.

A ninth chord is an extended chord that adds the ninth note of the scale to the basic triad and seventh, creating a fuller, more complex sound. On guitar, players often omit certain notes (like the fifth) to make the chord more manageable on the fretboard. Ninth chords are commonly used for their rich harmonic quality.

Notation is the system used to visually represent music through symbols, indicating pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and articulation. Standard notation uses the music staff, while guitarists often use tablature to show finger placement on the fretboard. Understanding notation allows musicians to read and interpret written music accurately.

An octave is the interval between one musical pitch and another that is either twice as high or half as low in frequency. On the guitar, the same note can be played in different octaves by moving to another string and fret. Playing in octaves adds depth and variety to melodies and harmonies.

Open string chords are chords that use one or more open (unfretted) strings, creating a fuller, resonant sound. The CAGED system is based on five common open chord shapes—C, A, G, E, and D—that can be moved up the fretboard to play in different keys. Understanding open string chords is essential for using the CAGED system effectively.

Overdrive is a guitar effect that simulates the warm, saturated sound of a tube amp being pushed beyond its normal capacity. It offers a subtle form of distortion, enhancing the natural dynamics of the guitar.

Palm muting is a technique where the guitarist uses the side of the palm to lightly mute the strings while playing. This produces a percussive sound and is a hallmark in rock and metal styles.

Pedals are effects units (boxes, switches, or that can be activated by foot, allowing guitarists to alter their sound in real time. Common types include delay, reverb, chorus, and distortion pedals.

The pentatonic scale is a five-note scale commonly used in various genres for its versatile, pleasing sound. There are two main types: major pentatonic and minor pentatonic, each omitting certain notes to avoid dissonance. The pentatonic scale is popular for improvisation and forms the basis of many guitar solos.

The phaser effect splits the guitar signal into two paths, then shifts the phase of one path and recombines them, creating a sweeping, "spacey" sound. This effect is used to add depth and movement to the tone. Genres that use phasers could be Rock, Funk, Metal, Electronic & Ambient.

Picking technique refers to how a guitarist uses a pick to strum the strings. This can include alternate picking, economy picking, or hybrid picking, each offering different effects on tone and speed.

Pickups are magnetic components on an electric guitar that capture string vibrations and convert them into electrical signals, which are then amplified. Different types of pickups (single-coil, humbucker, etc.) affect the guitar's tone.

Pitch is the perceived range, sound, or frequency of a note, determining how high or low it sounds. In music, pitch is essential for melody and harmony, and accurate tuning ensures consistent pitch.

Power chords are simple two-note chords made up of a root and a fifth. Sometimes power chords include the octave too. They have a strong, punchy sound and are often used in rock and heavy metal music.

A pull-off is a technique where a guitarist is playing a note but then releases a finger or (pulls a finger downwards) to sound a lower note without re-picking. Often used in conjunction with hammer-ons for smooth, legato phrases.

A rest stroke is a fingerpicking technique where the finger plucks a string and then comes to rest on the adjacent string, producing a strong, controlled tone.

Reverb is an effect that simulates the natural echo created in an acoustic space, adding depth and warmth to the guitar sound. It’s commonly used to create a sense of space in the tone.

Rhythm refers to the timing and pattern of beats in a piece of music. In guitar playing, rhythm dictates how chords or riffs are strummed or picked to match the tempo and feel of a song.

A riff is a short, repeating melodic or rhythmic phrase often played on the guitar. Riffs are the foundation of many rock and blues songs.

A scale degree refers to the position of a particular note within a scale. Each degree has a specific role and relationship to the tonic (the first note), such as root, second, third, etc.

A scale is a sequence of notes arranged in ascending or descending order of pitch. Scales form the basis of melodies, harmonies, and improvisation. Common types include major, minor, and pentatonic scales.

Secondary dominants are chords that temporarily act as the dominant of a chord other than the tonic, adding harmonic interest and tension in progressions.

A guitar setup is the process of adjusting various parts of the instrument to optimize playability and sound. This includes adjusting the action, intonation, truss rod, and sometimes the nut and bridge. Regular setups help ensure the guitar stays in tune and feels comfortable to play.

A seventh chord is an extended chord that includes a triad plus a seventh note above the root. Common types include major seventh (M7), minor seventh (m7), and dominant seventh (7).

A slide is a technique where the guitarist moves a finger along the string from one fret to another, creating a smooth, gliding transition between notes without breaking the sound between notes.

Standard tuning refers to the most common way to tune a guitar: EADGBE, from the lowest to the highest string. This tuning is used in most genres and provides a balanced setup for playing chords and scales.

Strumming patterns are the specific ways a guitarist moves the pick or fingers across the strings to create rhythmic patterns. These patterns are essential for rhythm guitar playing.

Sweep picking is a technique where the guitarist moves the pick in a continuous, sweeping motion across strings to play arpeggios or scales quickly. It allows for fluid, fast passages.

Tablature (or “tab”) is a type of musical notation specifically designed for stringed instruments. It shows where to place fingers on the fretboard rather than traditional musical notes.

Tempo refers to the speed of a piece of music, usually measured in beats per minute (BPM). A faster tempo creates a more energetic feel, while a slower tempo gives a more relaxed vibe.

A thirteenth chord is an extended chord that includes a triad plus the seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth notes of the scale. These chords are often used in jazz and provide rich harmonic textures. Often times certain notes are omitted but the chord will still be considered a thirteenth chord.

The time signature indicates the rhythmic structure of a piece of music, showing the number of beats in each measure and the note value that receives one beat (e.g., 4/4 or 3/4).

Timing is the accuracy with which a musician plays in sync with the beat or rhythm of a song. Good timing is essential for ensemble playing and rhythm guitar.

Tone refers to the quality or character of a guitar’s sound, shaped by factors like amp settings, effects, and playing technique, pickups and most importantly all other parts of the guitar. Tone can be adjusted to suit different styles and genres.

Tremolo is a rapid repetition of a single note or rapid alternation between two notes. It is a technique often used to add tension and excitement in music.

A triad is a three-note chord consisting of a root, third, and fifth. Triads are the foundation of most chords and come in four types: major, minor, diminished, and augmented.

A truss rod is a metal rod that runs along the inside of the guitar neck, allowing adjustments to the neck’s curvature. Tightening or loosening the truss rod helps correct neck bowing, ensuring proper action and preventing fret buzz. It is an essential component for maintaining a guitar’s setup and playability.

Vibrato is a technique where the pitch of a note is quickly shifted up and down by bending the string slightly or side to side. This adds expressiveness and emotion to the sound.

A whole step consists of two half steps. It's the interval that occurs when you skip one fret on the guitar. (1st Fret to 3rd Fret)